Mathematical Formalism for Isothermal Linear Irreversibility

We prove the equivalence among symmetricity, time reversibility, and zero entropy production of the stationary solutions of linear stochastic differential equations. A sufficient and necessary reversibility condition expressed in terms of the coefficients of the equations is given. The existence of a linear stationary irreversible process is established. Concerning reversibility, we show that there is a contradistinction between any 1-dimensional stationary Gaussian process and stationary Gaussian process of dimension n > 1. A concrete criterion for differentiating stationarity and sweeping behavior is also obtained. The mathematical result is a natural generalization of Einstein’s fluctuation-dissipation relation, and provides a rigorous basis for the isothermal irreversibility in a linear regime which is the basis for applying Onsager’s theory to macromolecules in aqueous solution.